Background: Injection drug use (IDU) is one of the most dangerous and addictive methods of drug abuse. The current statistics showed that the rate of IDU is increasing, and is higher compared to other methods of drugs abuse. In addition, it is one of the main routes of transmitting infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis in Iran. Objectives: In light of this, the present study aimed at examining the main factors, affecting the tendency for IDU. Patients and Methods: This study was a descriptive study of 823 individuals, having an active file at centers and referred to Kermanshah-based maintenance methadone therapy (MMT) centers, in 2015. Sample collection was performed through multi-stage sampling of all MMT centers. Information gathering was performed with the help of a Psychologist of the ward, in charge of interviewing the referees. The data were analyzed, using multi-variable logistic regression. Results: All the clients were males with an average age of 38. 48  11. 21 years. Average age of drug abuse initiation was 23. 03  7. 9 years. After controlling for confounding variables, the individuals, who were a drug addicts for more than 10 years had 3. 01 (1. 6 to 5. 6) times greater tendencies for intravenous drug addiction, compared to those, who were a drug addict for less than five years. In addition, individuals aged more than 35 years had 0. 06 (0. 01-0. 22) times less tendencies to IDU drugs, compared to those, who were younger than 19 years old. Although the type of drug that the patient used for the first time, was not affecting the tendency, the risk of intravenous drug addiction in those, who used oral drugs was 1. 74 (1. 1 to 2. 56) times more than those, who developed a drug addiction through nasal drugs. Conclusions: By taking into consideration that drug abuse initiation and the duration of drug use were the main causes of the tendency for IDU, prevention by decreasing the age of the development of drug addiction and decreasing the duration of drug use, could be an effective measure to decrease the rate of IDU in the society.

and Objective: Mental health and addiction problems have caused a number of important issues, including physical, economic, psychological and other harms to students. The purpose of this article is to formulate a model for predicting mental health and drug use tendency with regard to the mediating role of spirituality. Method: This study is of descriptive-analytic nature using structural equation. The statistical population of this study consisted of all undergraduate students studying at Ilam University of Applied Sciences in 2017-2018. A total of 86 students were selected by simple random sampling. The research tools included researcher-made demographic checklist, spirituality questionnaire, Goldenberg mental health questionnaire, and addiction tendency. The data were analyzed through regression coefficient and structural equations. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors of the article have not reported any conflicts of interest. Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between mental health and spirituality (P<0. 05; t=4. 2), as well as between spirituality and drug use tendency (P<0. 05; t=2. 45). Also, there was a significant relationship between mental health and drug addiction tendency (P<0. 05; t=7. 33). Besides, there was a meaningful relationship between mental health and drug addiction tendency; mental health directly affects students' drug use tendency and also indirectly affects the tendency toward drug use through mediator of spirituality. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that spirituality as a component can explain mental health and tendency to use narcotic drugs, which can be increased by raising the spirituality level by organizing workshops for this purpose.

Background and Objective: All over the research some factors and variables such as family, peers, satellite, internet, artists, sportspersons, monthly pocket money received from family as the factors impacting juvenile and teenagers’ tendency toward drug use are considered and examined.Method: This applied research was a descriptive survey. All the 100 people under-25-year-old youngsters in two drug disposal centers in Karaj were the statistical society. A self-made questionnaire, whose validity approved by university professors and experts, and whose reliability approved through using Cronbach Alpha (a= 0.75), used for collecting information. Questions and hypotheses analyzed through benefiting from analytical statistics and regression test.Findings: the results of the test indicate that factors like economy, mass media, reference groups, social institutions in having tendency toward drug use by juvenile and youngsters.Conclusion: Therefore, to reduce the juvenile and youngsters tendency toward drug use, various social institutions (family, school, community) may take measures such as paving grounds for healthy recreations, applying change in the media’s current programs, removing the constraints of domestic reference groups, improving families education level, paying attention more to the children in families by parents, supervising children’s’ membership in peer groups, establishing juvenile police, and concentrating on the conditions of this class of the society to prevent juvenile and youngsters’ from having tendency toward drug use.

Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of modeling the causes of students' tendency to drugs use by means of LLISREL software. Method: This study was carried out as a survey research wherein the number of 220 female students was selected as the participants through stratified random sampling method. The required data were collected through questionnaire.Results: The hypothesis testing results show that the female students' desire for drug use was the same based on education level, parental employment status, and academic discipline; and the observed difference was not significant. In addition, the results of the structural model indicate that religiosity, social capital, family disputes, and social alienation can explain nearly 31% of the variations of female students' desire for drug use. Religiosity and social capital had a negative impact but social alienation and family disputes had a positive effect on female students' desire for drug use.Conclusion: Family disputes and social alienation provide the grounds for the increased desire female students for drug use while social capital and religiosity prevent the increased desire of female students for drug use.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting drug addiction in women in Semnan province. Method: This research was a descriptive-survey study based on structural equations. The statistical population of the study included all women who had the experience of drug use and who had come to Semnan women's addiction center during six months. The statistical sample (n = 54) was selected through convenience sampling method and was equal to the statistical population in terms of number. For data collection, Addiction tendency Questionnaire was used. SPSS22 and PLS2 Smart software were used to analyze and explain the model components and their relationships. Results: After presenting the model and examining the factors affecting drug use tendency, family-environmental factors were revealed as the most important factor of drug use tendency, which was followed by social factors and, finally, individual factors. Conclusion: Unhealthy families create an unhealthy environment, and living in such families and environments leads the person to social deviations and addiction. It is suggested that planners and organizations responsible for counter-narcotics assign credit and value to adolescents, young people, and women more than other groups. For this purpose, serious efforts are needed to improve the social environment through cultural and guidance tools rather than military and compulsory means.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and tendency for drug use by considering the mediating role of impulsivity. Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational of structural equation type. The statistical population of the study included the students of Hakim Sabzevari University in 2018-2019 (n=7248). To select the sample, stratified random sampling method was used and 376 students (216 girls and 160 boys) were selected. The research instruments included the impulsivity questionnaire, the addiction potential scale, and the parenting styles scale. Structural equation method was used to analyze the data. Results: The fit indices of the research model were in good condition. Parenting styles had a significant direct effect on tendency for drug use in students. Impulsivity also significantly mediated the relationship between parenting styles and tendency for drug use. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated a good fit of the conceptual model of the research. It is suggested that impulsivity and parenting styles be considered as a major axis in the diagnosis of various clinical disorders such as tendency for drug use.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of emotional family atmosphere in drug use tendency based on the mediating role of negative affect. Method: A correlational research method was used for the conduct of this study by using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included students of Farhangian Shahid Beheshti Campus of Mashhad in the academic year 2017-18. From among this population, the number of 400 students (311 male students and 89 female students) was selected as the participants of the study via random cluster sampling method. Addiction tendency Questionnaire (Mirhesami, 2009), Emotional Family Atmosphere Scale (Burn, 1964), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Watson et al., 1988) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural simulation modeling in SPSS (version 18) and AMOS (version 21). Results: The results showed that negative affect has a mediating role in the relationship between emotional family atmosphere and drug use tendency. In addition, the fit indices are also placed in the domains. According to these points, the final model of the research enjoys a desired goodness of fit. Conclusion: Considering the role of emotional family atmosphere and negative affect in predicting addiction, it is possible to make use of the current findings to train families and conduct preventive interventions in educational centers through the conduct of appropriate workshops.

Introduction: addiction is one of the biggest problems that threatens the life of rural youth. Therefore, investigating the factors affecting addiction is an important step in combating with this deadly phenomenon. Research aim: the aim of this paper is to investigating the factors affecting the reduction of rural youth tendency to drug use in the Ardabil County. Research Methodology: The research method is analytical-explanative survey type. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all youth living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2017 (N=496), among which 217 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’, s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0. 75-0. 89). Studied Areas: Ardabil is an ancient city in northwestern Iran, and the capital of Ardabil Province. As of the 2016 census, Ardabil's population was 529, 374. Findings: the findings of this research show that addiction is very common among rural youth and several factors is involved at the tendency of rural youth to drug use and the most important of them is the lack of meaning. Results: the findings of this research showed that most important factors reduction of rural youth tendency to drug use in studied region includes four components (empowerment and support actions, combating poverty and making healthy of phenomenal environment, reinforcement of family foundation and psychological capital and extension of mass activities and reinforcement of value and ethical foundations) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the five factors 48. 93.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to predict drug use tendency based on psychological loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in patients recovering from drug addiction.Method: The current study is a descriptive correlational research. The sample size contained 120 addicts under recovery from drug addiction who were selected as the sample units via convenience sampling method. Farjad drugs use tendency questionnaire (2006), Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona's UCLA Loneliness Scale (1980), and Garnefski' s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2001) were used to measure the variables.Results: The results showed that psychological loneliness and obsessive thinking (rumination) have a significant positive relationship with drug use tendency. However, cognitive emotion regulation was revealed to hold a significant negative relationship with drug use tendency while there was no relationship between self-blame and drug use tendency. Psychological loneliness was revealed to be the strongest predictor of drug use tendency.Conclusion: These findings have important implications in the pathology of drug abuse. Thus, clinical technicians can stop the incidence of psychological loneliness by providing appropriate advice and consultation and can embark on the treatment of drug abuse by teaching cognitive regulation strategies.

Objective: In the present study, the effectiveness of emotional self-aware­ ness skills training in increasing impulse control and decreasing tendency to drug use was investigated.Method: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test post-test/control group, all the male students in third grade high school in district 3 of Ahvaz constituted the population of the study. Among the population, fifty participants were selected via simple random sampling method and were divided into two groups (experimental and control). Only the experimental group was exposed to eleven training sessions of emotional self-aware­ ness. For data collection purposes, Bar-on's Impulse Control Subscale and Zargar's Addiction Potential test were used.Results: The results showed that emotional self- aware­ ness skills training in the experimental group led to the increase of impulse control and the decrease of addiction potential.Conclusion: Emotional self- aware­ ness skills training is necessary to promote prevention of abusive behaviors of narcotics.